This research explores Saudi Arabia’s strategic transition toward a diversified and sustainable energy mix, aligned with Vision 2030 and the Saudi Green Initiative. It examines the integration of renewable energy sources—solar, wind, geothermal, and nuclear—alongside conventional oil and gas, highlighting the Kingdom’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy security, and stimulate economic diversification. Through a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data and qualitative policy analysis, the study identifies key drivers, challenges, and opportunities in the energy sector. It provides a comprehensive overview of ongoing projects, national targets, and future outlooks, emphasizing the role of innovation, infrastructure, and international collaboration in achieving a resilient and low-carbon energy future.